GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN GIZI ORANG TUA, POLA ASUH PEMBERIAN MAKAN, DAN STATUS GIZI SISWA NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

Elyana Ayu Maharani; Rahayu Dewi Soeyono

doi:10.52365/jhn.v10i2.1144

GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN GIZI ORANG TUA, POLA ASUH PEMBERIAN MAKAN, DAN STATUS GIZI SISWA NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

Elyana Ayu Maharani, Rahayu Dewi Soeyono

Abstract

Children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) are a group that tends to experience malnutrition. Therefore, parents awareness is needed regarding their children's nutritional intake and substances through feeding parenting. The study aims to determine the description of parents nutritional knowledge, feeding parenting patterns, and nutritional status of students with neurodevelopmental disorders. This study used a narrative qualitative approach with semi-structured in-depth interviews involving 3 key informants and 7 supporting informants from parents, principals, and teaching staff of PKBM Lentera Fajar Indonesia, Sidoarjo. This study also used anthropometric measurements on each key informant's child to determine their nutritional status. The results of this study showed that the majority of parents had incorrect understanding of the types of foods that should be restricted and avoided. However, other understandings related to other parenting feeding style are good. In addition, it was known that the majority of parents apply the type of permissive feeding style based on the fulfilment of the demandingness and responsiveness aspects. According to the IMT/U calculation of the three students in this study, An. U has a nutritional status with a normal interpretation, An. S with a overweight interpretation, and An. K with a thinness interpretation. This is due to the existence of different parenting feeding style at pre-school age. Thus, it was concluded that nutritional knowledge and parenting feeding style currently carried out had a negligible impact on the nutritional status of neurodevelopmental disorders students at PKBM Lentera Fajar Indonesia.

Anak dengan neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) merupakan kelompok yang cenderung mengalami malnutrisi. Untuk itu, diperlukan kesadaran orang tua terkait asupan dan zat gizi anak melalui pola asuh pemberian makan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan gizi orang tua, pola asuh pemberian makan, dan status gizi siswa neurodevelopmental disorders. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif naratif dengan wawancara mendalam (in-depth interview) semi terstruktur yang melibatkan 3 informan kunci dan 7 informan pendukung dari orang tua siswa, kepala sekolah, dan tenaga pengajar PKBM Lentera Fajar Indonesia, Sidoarjo. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan metode pengukuran antropometri pada masing-masing anak informan kunci untuk mengetahui status gizinya. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas orang tua siswa memiliki ketidaktepatan pemahaman terkait jenis dari makanan yang seharusnya dibatasi dan dihindari. Akan tetapi, pemahaman lainnya terkait pola asuh pemberian makan lainnya sudah baik. Selain itu, diketahui mayoritas orang tua menerapkan jenis pola asuh pemberian makan permissive berdasarkan pemenuhan aspek demandingness dan responsiveness. Berdasarkan perhitungan IMT/U dari ketiga siswa pada penelitian ini diketahui An. U memiliki status gizi dengan interpretasi normal, An. S dengan interpretasi overweight, dan An. K dengan interpretasi thinness. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya pola asuh pemberian makan yang berbeda pada usia pra-sekolah. Sehingga, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengetahuan gizi dan pola asuh pemberian makan yang saat ini dilakukan memiliki dampak yang tidak berarti pada status gizi siswa neurodevelopmental disorder di PKBM Lentera Fajar Indonesia.

Keywords

neurodevelopmental disorders; nutrition knowledge; nutritional status; parenting feeding; neurodevelopmental disorders; pengetahuan gizi; status gizi; pola asuh pemberian makan

Full Text:

PDF

References

Adamo KB and Brett KE. 2014. Parental perceptions and childhood dietary quality. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 18(4): 978–995. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10995-013-1326-6.

Almeida C, Azevedo J, Gregório MJ, Barros R, Severo M, Padrão P. 2021. Parental practices, preferences, skills and attitudes on food consumption of pre-school children: Results from Nutriscience Project. PLoS ONE. 16(5): https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251620.

Andrew MJ. 2019. Nutrition in children with neurodisability. Paediatrics and Child Health (United Kingdom). 29(10): 436–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed. 2019.07.004.

Barnhill K, Gutierrez A, Ghossainy M, Marediya Z, Devlin M, Sachdev P, Marti CN, Hewitson L. 2018. Dietary status and nutrient intake of children with autism spectrum disorder: A case-control study. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 50(March): 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.03.002.

Berge JM, Hanson C, Draxten M. 2016. Perspectives about Family Meals from Racially/Ethnically and Socioeconomically Diverse Households with and Without an Overweight/Obese Child. Childhood Obesity. 12(5): 368–376. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2015.0215.

Blaine RE, Kachurak A, Davison KK, Klabunde R, Fisher JO. 2017. Food parenting and child snacking: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0593-9.

Bowling A, Blaine RE, Kaur R, Davison KK. 2019. Shaping healthy habits in children with neurodevelopmental and mental health disorders: Parent perceptions of barriers, facilitators and promising strategies. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 16(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0813-6.

Couch SC, Glanz K, Zhou C, Sallis JF, Saelens BE. 2014. Home food environment in relation to children’s dietquality and weight status. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 114(10): 1569-1579.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jand.2014.05.015.

DeCosta P, Møller P, Frøst MB, Olsen A. 2017. Changing children’s eating behaviour - A review of experimental research. Appetite. 113: 327–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.004.

EPA, US. 2015. America’s Children and the Environment: Neurodevelopmental Disorders. In America’s Children and the Environment. 1–32.

Fries LR and Van Der Horst K. 2019. Parental Feeding Practices and Associations with Children’s Food Acceptance and Picky Eating. Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop Series. 91: 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1159/000493676.

Hasbani EC, Félix PV, Sauan PK, Maximino P, Machado RHV, Ferrari G, Fisberg M. 2023. How parents’ feeding styles, attitudes, and multifactorial aspects are associated with feeding difficulties in children. BMC Pediatrics. 23(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04369-4.

Haskell MAM. 2021. Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children. In D. Noland, L. Wagner, & J. A. Drisko (Ed.), Integrative and Functional Medical Nutrition Therapy: Principles and Practices. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1.

Hubbard KL, Anderson SE, Curtin C, Must A, Bandini LG. 2014. Food Selectivity and Sensory Sensitivity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 44(11): 2861–2868.

Jansen E, Williams KE, Mallan KM, Nicholson JM, Daniels LA. 2018. Bidirectional associations between mothers’ feeding practices and child eating behaviours. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 15(1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0644-x.

Kemendikbudristek. 2023. Data Peserta Didik Kab. Cirebon. In Dapodikdasmen. https://dapo.kemdikbud.go.id/pd/2/032900.

KemenPPPA. 2021. Selamatkan Masa Depan Anak Penyandang Disabilitas, Lindungi Dan Penuhi Hak Mereka! Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak. https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/3126 /selamatkan-masa-depan-anak-penyandang-disabilitas-lindungi-dan-penuhi-hak-mereka.

Klein A, Uyehara M, Cunningham A, Olomi M, Cashin K, Kirk CM. 2023. Nutritional care for children with feeding difficulties and disabilities: A scoping review. PLOS Global Public Health. 3(3): e0001130. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001130.

Kuppens S and Ceulemans E. 2019. Parenting Styles: A Closer Look at a Well-Known Concept. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 28(1): 168–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1242-x.

Sari KD, Saparahayuningsih, Anni Suprapti S, Saparahayuningsih S, Suprapti A. 2018. Pola Asuh Orang Tua pada Anak yang Berperilaku Agresif (Studi Deskriptif Kuantitatif Di TK Tunas Harapan Sawah Lebar Kota Bengkulu). Jurnal Ilmiah Potensia. 3(1): 1–6.

Leiva-García B, Planells E, Planells del Pozo P, Molina-López J. 2019. Association Between Feeding Problems and Oral Health Status in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 49(12): 4997–5008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04211-w.

Mahmood L, Flores-Barrantes P, Moreno LA, Manios Y, Gonzalez-Gil EM. 2021. The influence of parental dietary behaviors and practices on children’s eating habits. Nutrients 13(4): 1–13.

Miller AL, Miller SE, Clark KM. 2018. Child, Caregiver, Family, and Social-Contextual Factors to Consider when Implementing Parent-Focused Child Feeding Interventions. Current Nutrition Reports. 7(4): 303–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-018-0255-9.

Muthohiroh M, Nurwijayanti N, Periostiawati Y. 2021. Analysis of Eating Behaviors (Picky Eaters), Parents Knowledge of Nutrition and Nutrition Patterns with Nutritional Status of Children Special Needs in SLB Dlanggu Mojokerto District. Journal for Quality in Public Health. 4(2): 273–280. https://doi.org/10. 30994/jqph.v4i2.197.

Nggarang BN and Bodus OJ. 2019. Sulit Makan Anak Usia Prasekolah Di Taman Kanak-Kanak. Jurnal Wawasan Kesehatan. 4(1): 15–22.

Ningning W and Wenguang C. 2023. Influence of family parenting style on the formation of eating behaviors and habits in preschool children: The mediating role of quality of life and nutritional knowledge. PLoS ONE. 18(7): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288878.

Nugrogo KP dan Sijabat R. 2018. Gaya Hidup Yang Memengaruhi Kesehatan Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus di SLB Negeri Salatiga. Jurnal Keperawatan Muhammadiyah. 2(2). https://doi.org/10.30651/jkm.v2i2.1069.

Qistina DS. 2021. Pemenuhan Nutrisi yang Tepat pada Anak Penyandang Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) untuk Mendukung Terwujudnya Hak Sehat pada Anak. Universitas Katholik Soegijapranata.

Quelly SB. 2019. Helping With Meal Preparation and Children’s Dietary Intake: A Literature Review. Journal of School Nursing. 35(1): 51–60. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1059840518781235.

Ravikumar D, Spyreli E, Woodside J, McKinley M, Kelly C. 2022. Parental perceptions of the food environment and their influence on food decisions among low-income families: a rapid review of qualitative evidence. BMC Public Health. 22(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12414-z.

Scaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Ciappolino V, Parazzini F, Brambilla P, Agostoni C. 2018. Factors influencing children’s eating behaviours. Nutrients. 10(6): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060706.

Setyaningsih R. 2019. Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Status Gizi Pada Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus. Jurnal Kesehatan Holistic. 3(2): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.33377/jkh.v3i2.49.

Syarfaini, Syahrir S, Jayadi YI, Musfirah AA. 2021. Hubungan Tipe Pola Asuh dan Perilaku Makan dengan Status Gizi Anak Disabilitas Di SLB Negeri 1 Makassar Tahun 2020. Al Gizzai: Public Health Nutrition Journal. 1(1): 36–49. https://doi.org/10.24252/algizzai.v1i1.19081.

Taylor MR, Chuang C, Carrasco KD, Nagatomo S, Rucklidge JJ. 2018. Dietary and Micronutrient Treatments for Children with Neurodevelopment Disorders. Current Developmental Disorders Reports 5(4): 243–252. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s40474-018-0150-5.

Unicef. 2023. Key Issues for Children with Disabilities in Indonesia. Unicef,

Van Der Horst K and Sleddens EFC. 2017. Parenting styles, feeding styles and foodrelated parenting practices in relation to toddlers’ eating styles: A cluster-analytic approach. PLoS One. 12(5): 1–16. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0178149.

Vaughn AE, Ward DS, Fisher JO, Faith MS, Hughes SO, Kremers SPJ, Musher-Eizenman DR, O’Connor TM, Patrick H, Power TG. 2016. Fundamental constructs in food parenting practices: A content map to guide future research. Nutrition Reviews. 74(2): 98–117. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuv061.

Wahdaniah HA, Marjani B, Afiif A, Agusriani A. 2022. Pengaruh Pola Asuh Orang Tua terhadap Status Gizi Peserta Didik. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Keguruan. 1(15): 171–181. https://doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v4i9.6863.

Wang J, Wan G, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang W. 2023. How Do Parental Feeding Knowledge and Practices Affect Chinese Children’s Weight Status? Findings from Multiple Waves of CHNS. J Child Fam Stud, 32, 3009–3025. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02684-z.

Wolstenholme H, Kelly C, Hennessy M, Heary C. 2020. Childhood fussy/picky eating behaviours: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative studies. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 17(1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0899-x.

Yumni DZ dan Wijayanti HS. 2017. Perbedaan Perilaku Makan dan Pola Asuh Pemberian Makan antara Balita Gemuk dan Balita Non Gemuk di Kota Semarang. Journal of Nutrition. 6(1): 43–51.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.52365/jhn.v10i2.1144