Gambaran Pengetahuan dan Keterampilan Pasien dengan Stoma Abdomen dalam melakukan Perawatan Stoma secara Mandiri: Scoping Review
Abstract
Pasien dengan stoma cenderung mengalami hambatan dalam melakukan perawatan secara mandiri sehingga menimbulkan beberapa masalah diantaranya rasa malu akibat kebisingan kantong, gas dan bau, ketakutan terhadap kebocoran kantong serta komplikasi berupa rasa nyeri dan ekskoriasi kulit di sekitar lokasi stomal, diare stomal atau konstipasi dan enema. Studi ini bertujuan mengetahui gambaran tingkat pengetahuan dan keterampilan pasien dengan stoma abdomen (kolostomi dan ileostomi) dalam melakukan perawatan stoma mandiri serta metode edukasi yang digunakan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian literatur dengan desain scoping review pada 4 database: PubMed, Sciencedirect, DOAJ dan Ebscho dengan kata kunci Self Care AND skill OR knowledge AND Colostomi OR ostomi OR ostomate OR Ileostomi serta penyaringan artikel menggunakan aplikasi Mendeley pada rentang tahun 2017-2022 dan didapatkan sebanyak 7 artikel. Hasil penelitian dari 7 artikel yang diperoleh, pasien dengan ostomi baru pasca pembuatan stoma memiliki tingkat pengetahuan yang kurang terhadap perawatan diri pada periode postoperative akibat dampak dari perubahan pada kondisi fisik serta emosionalnya dan meningkat seiring dengan intervensi perawatan dan keterlibatan pasien dalam merawat stomanya. Selain itu, pasien ostomi secara umum memiliki keterampilan dalam pengosongan dan penggantian kantong stoma, perawatan kulit peristomal serta modifikasi diet. Dalam proses memperoleh pengetahuan, ostomate memerlukan keterlibatan keluarga dan tenaga kesehatan serta edukasi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan ostomate.
Patients with a stoma tend to experience obstacles in carrying out treatment independently, which causes several problems, including embarrassment due to bag noise, gas, and odor, fear of bag leakage, and complications in the form of pain and skin excoriation around the stomal location, stomal diarrhea or constipation, and enemas. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge and skills of patients with abdominal stomas (colostomies and ileostomies) in carrying out independent stoma care and the educational methods used. This research is a literature study with a scoping review design on 4 databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, DOAJ, and Ebscho, with the keywords Self Care AND skill OR knowledge AND Colostomi OR ostomi OR ostomate OR Ileostomi, as well as filtering articles using the Mendeley application in the period 2017–2022. There were 7 articles obtained. The results of the research from the 7 articles obtained showed that patients with a new ostomi after stoma creation had a poor level of knowledge regarding self-care in the postoperative period due to the impact of changes in their physical and emotional conditions, and this increased along with treatment interventions and patient involvement in caring for their stoma. In addition, ostomi patients generally have skills in emptying and changing the stoma bag, peristomal skin care, and diet modification. In the process of gaining knowledge, ostomates need the involvement of family and health workers, as well as education that suits the ostomate's needs.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.52365/jond.v4i1.869
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